China only started its nuclear power industry in recent years, and should ______ no time in catching up.
Turn in your collection of industry-supplied freebies and Goodman will send back a few replacement pens bearing the No Free Lunch insignia. According to the Journal of the American Medical Association, the pharmaceutical (1) ind____ spends $8,000 to $13,000 per physician each year to promote its wares, which are hawked by a sales force of roughly 80,000 representatives. He decided to keep the clinic off-limits to drug sales (2) re____ but found it hard to practice. He created a (3)____ to sell the pens and mugs to raise money for the patients, which is called it NoFreeLunch.org. Drug companies send extravagant gifts to doctors, which do (4) in____ what they prescribe. The more expensive drugs, which are heavily (5)____(market) to doctors, are far more frequently prescribed by doctors. Goodman has done many things to alert physicians to such (6)____(trouble) data; he also plans to convince med-schools to educate their students about the (7)____(ethic) hazard of accepting corporate gifts. "I find [No Free Lunch] to be one of the few hopeful things in this area," she says. "So many doctors are now bought and paid for."
Though bad press has forced drug companies to scale back some of their more extravagant gifts, like the Caribbean getaways of yore, Goodman says expensive dinners, and tickets to Broadway (8)____ and big-league games remain commonplace. One popular sales technique involves (9)____(trail) a doctor to a gas station, then offering to pay for a lube job—during the (10) w____ at the shop, the sales representative has ample time to talk up his product.
Passage 4
Is this the last gasp for the tobacco industry? Scientists have come up with a vaccine that can block the effects of nicotine for up to a year. The vaccine will initially be targeted at the 85% of smokers who want to give up the habit.Although the drug would not take away the nicotine craving, cigarettes would become completely unsatisfying, making it pointless to smoke them.
The drug could also be used to vaccinate youngsters before they even started smoking. Most adults who smoke began the habit while in their teens, so an annual vaccination for those aged 12 to 20 could prevent the industry recruiting new customers. “The potential for this kind of drug is huge,” said John Shields, senior vice-president of research at Cantab, the British developers.
Making such a drug available to the public would be a landmark in the history of vaccines. Until now almost all vaccines have been targeted at micro-organisms such as viruses and bacteria. It would be the first time this sort of approach had been used to alter behaviour on such a potentially large scale. Vaccination depends on activating the immune system to recognize and destroy an invading organism or molecule. Previous attempts to develop a vaccine against nicotine have foundered because the nicotine molecule was too small to be recognized. The solution adopted by Cantab—and by Nabi, a rival American firm conducting similar research—is to attach the nicotine molecule to a much larger one.
Cantab’s vaccine uses a protein stripped from the toxin produced by cholera bacteria. The protein is known to be safe because it is the basis for the cholera vaccine. Between one and four nicotine molecules are attached to each protein molecule, making them large enough for the body’s defences to recognise them as a hostile invader. Once alerted, the immune system starts to make antibodies specifically targeted for nicotine. They then bind to every nicotine molecule they can find and destroy them. It means that hardly any nicotine can pass from the blood into the brain where it would normally have its effect. Cantab has already started tests using a trial version of the vaccine and plans full-scale trials early next year. A similar vaccine, aimed at helping cocaine addicts, is already well into its final trials.
Frank Stonebanks, a spokesman for Nabi which is about to commence similar trials, said he foresaw a day when parents would get their children vaccinated against smoking in the way that most are inoculated today against tuberculosis. “Such drugs would also have huge potential in the Third World where tobacco addiction costs people a much bigger proportion of their income,” he said.
Both companies emphasise that it will be at least three years before a vaccine becomes widely available. It would probably be used in conjunction with behavioural therapy since many smokers light up for social reasons as well as addictive ones. The development coincides with a sharp increase in smoking among youngsters. In the past three decades the number of smokers has been falling steadily but the mid-1990s saw a gradual increase in the number of child smokers, especially teenage girls. Government figures show that every day about 450 British youngsters start smoking while another 330 adults die from tobacco-related illnesses such as lung cancer and heart disease. Half of all smokers in Britain die prematurely because of their habit.
1. What can we learn about the basic principle of vaccination from the passage?
2. What is nicotine vaccine? What is the major difference between nicotine vaccine and other medical vaccines?
3. What was the major difficulty in developing nicotine vaccine? How was it overcome?
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What best explains why the banking industry is ready to take advantage of an integrated network infrastructure?()
Why does the data communication industry use the layered OSI reference model (Choose two.)()。
Jobs in the news industry require writers to meet ______ deadlines.
According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by ______.
The main cause of the layoffs in the pottery industry is _____.
Dutton has seen that local auto-industry workers profit from the job-crafting process.
____